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991.
This paper attempts to compare the effect of a corporate tax holiday with that of a subsidy on the behaviour of the individual firm. Assuming the subsidy equals the amount of tax paid by a firm operating under the subsidy system, we find that the firm's net profit will be greater under the tax holiday than under the subsidy regime. Similarly, if the subsidy exceeds the tax by an amount that would equalize the profits made by the (“marginal”) firm under the two regimes, then it is found that firms with higher than “average” unit costs would opt for the subsidy system; conversely, firms with a low cost structure would maximize profits by selecting the tax holiday. Finally, a multiperiod analysis of the particular choice facing prospective manufacturers in Ciskei, shows that the firm would normally choose the subsidy system except if the current tax exceeded the subsidy at the output level representing maximum profit under the tax holiday. 相似文献
992.
Entrepreneurship and Bank Credit Availability 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
The literature is divided on the expected effects of increased competition and consolidation in the financial sector on the supply of credit to relationship borrowers. This paper tests whether policy changes fostering competition and consolidation in U.S. banking helped or harmed entrepreneurs. We find that the rate of new incorporations increases following deregulation of branching restrictions, and that deregulation reduces the negative effect of concentration on new incorporations. We also find the formation of new incorporations increases as the share of small banks decreases, suggesting that diversification benefits of size outweigh the possible comparative advantage small banks may have in forging relationships. 相似文献
993.
An updated scenario typology 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Philip W.F van Notten Jan Rotmans Marjolein B.A van Asselt Dale S Rothman 《Futures》2003,35(5):423-443
Scenario analysis has evolved notably in its 50-year history and today there is a large diversity in the scenarios that are developed. Establishing an overview of this diversity would be useful for the further development of scenario method. However, such an overview cannot be generated without the use of a shared understanding of the typical features of scenario development and of the relevant terminology. A broadly shared scenario typology can provide this common understanding but existing typologies do not capture the diversity of scenario types. To this end we propose an updated typology, the presentation of which is the focus of this paper. We also explain how the typology was tested for its robustness in a comparative analysis of recent scenario projects. 相似文献
994.
Theorizing that sex-related stereotypes impede women's progression to leadership positions, this study tests the hypothesis that sex-role stereotypes negatively influence the evaluation of female accountants, thus reducing the upward mobility of women to partnerships in public accounting. Although the pro-male bias in our findings was less than robust, the study revealed instances where male managers devalued female managers who exhibited certain “masculine” leadership styles. 相似文献
995.
996.
Heinz Zimmermann 《Financial Markets and Portfolio Management》2006,20(1):75-101
This article gives an overview and introduction to the Martingale approach to multi-period (dynamic) portfolio decisions.
While Martingale pricing techniques have long been used with considerable success in the pricing of derivatives and financial
assets in general, their potential to improve the practice of dynamic portfolio decisions is not sufficiently recognized yet.
This article shows that the approach is, in principle, not difficult to implement for readers equipped with standard option
replication techniques if markets are sufficiently “complete” in order to provide investors with the relevant information
about the pricing of financial risks. The article provides a practical guide to implement the basic features of the approach
in a binomial framework. 相似文献
997.
Bernd Brommundt Jochen Felsenheimer Philip Gisdakis Michael Zaiser 《Financial Markets and Portfolio Management》2006,20(2):221-234
We summarize recent developments in the credit derivative markets. We show the role of dependence between individual debtors in portfolio derivatives in a study of implied correlation. The risk of changing dependence structures between stock and bond markets becomes evident in an example of capital structure arbitrage. How credit derivatives can introduce new risks is illustrated by the example of “overlay” in basket derivatives. 相似文献
998.
In 1908, Vinzenz Bronzin, a professor of mathematics at the Accademia di Commercio e Nautica in Trieste, published a booklet in German entitled Theorie der Prämiengeschäfte (Theory of Premium Contracts) which is an old type of option contract. Almost like Bachelier’s now famous dissertation (1900) [Bachelier, Louis, 1900, 1964. Théorie de la speculation, Annales Scientifiques de l’ Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, Ser. 3, 17, pp. 21–88. (English translation in: The random character of stock market prices (Ed. Paul Cootner), MIT-Press (1964), pp. 17–79)], the work seems to have been forgotten shortly after it was published. However, almost every element of modern option pricing can be found in Bronzin’s book. In particular, he uses the normal distribution to derive a pricing equation which comes surprisingly close to the Black–Scholes–Merton formula. 相似文献
999.
Philip Musgrove 《Journal of development economics》1981,9(2):229-250
Two Caracas household budget surveys are used to compare household and individual income distributions. Real 1975 incomes are derived from income-specific price indexes. Minimum food budgets define destitution and poverty levels. During 1966–1975 mean real income rose substantially, especially among the rich. The fraction poor declined markedly, but mean income did not rise for those remaining poor. The poor's share of income growth came entirely from reduction in the number of poor, and exceeded their 1966 income share. The poverty gap expanded with population growth but shrank in per capita terms and relative to total income. 相似文献
1000.
A. Heertje Heinz Berns G. Fink E. Topritzhofer S. Pejovich 《Journal of Economics》1974,34(3-4):433-440
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